the following describe internal states of symptoms exceptkhatim sourate youssouf
In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. As we grow older, we sleep less. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. a. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Weakness and fatigue. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Add a comment. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Guilleminault et al. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. 22. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. c. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Loss of appetite. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Confusion. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Causes. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. . The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. They were ALL my fault. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). A) managed care Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. 1. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Treatment. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. . This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Disorganized Thinking. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Thirst. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Feeling tired. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. . Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist.
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