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In the winter of 1940 and 1941, Franco toyed with the idea of a "Latin Bloc" formed by Spain, Portugal, Vichy France, the Vatican and Italy, without much consequence. The Gudaris (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the French government, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC) were banned in 1939, while the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) went underground. Italian aircraft stationed on Majorca bombed Barcelona 13 times, dropping 44 tons of bombs aimed at civilians. Fast and self-learner, analytic, detail and goal oriented, excellent interpersonal skills. Tras pasar el estrecho de Gibraltar al frente del ejrcito de frica, Franco avanz por la pennsula hacia el norte. As a conservative and a monarchist, he opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1931. Francisco Franco lived from 1892-1975 and ruled over Spain. Francisco Vidal Franco. Check this player last stats: game log, goals, assists, played minutes, completed passes and shots. Franco's demands, including large supplies of food and fuel, as well as Spanish control of Gibraltar and French North Africa, proved too much for Hitler. Reputed to be scrupulously honest, introverted, and a man of comparatively few intimate friends, he was known to shun all frivolous amusements. The 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs were divided into four categories: Brigadists, pilots, Gudaris and ordinary "Spaniards". He became a leader in the anti-Communist movement, garnering support from the West, particularly the United States. [231], On 24 August 2018, the Government of Prime Minister Pedro Snchez approved legal amendments to the Historical Memory Law stating that only those who died during the Civil War would be buried at the Valle de los Cados, resulting in plans to exhume Franco's remains for reburial elsewhere. The English version of General Francisco Franco's Masoneria. [14], After relocating to Galicia, the Franco family was involved in the Spanish Navy, and over the span of two centuries produced naval officers for six uninterrupted generations (including several admirals),[15] down to Franco's father Nicols Franco Salgado-Arajo[es] (22 November 1855 22 February 1942). [64][65] Stanley G. Payne claims that the process was blatant electoral fraud, with widespread violation of the laws and the constitution. (right). When Italy's economic problems continued to worsen, Mussolini's power would considerably grow. [83] During the war, rape, torture and summary executions committed by soldiers under Franco's command were used as a means of retaliation and to repress political dissent. "[174], After the war, the Spanish government tried to destroy all evidence of its cooperation with the Axis. 94 pages, Paperback First published January 1, 1952 This made him the youngest major in the Spanish army. [12][13] As the dictatorship relaxed its hard-line policies, Luis Carrero Blanco became Franco's minence grise, whose role expanded after Franco began struggling with Parkinson's disease in the 1960s. -Match ends, Atltico Tucumn 0, Talleres de Crdoba 2. Franco. The first was scored by Santiago Bernabeu, whom. Adam Berry. Francisco Franco, a Spanish general, rose to prominence in the mid-1930s, but his right-wing party failed to gained power in the 1936 elections. As a result of Azaa's military reform, in January 1933 Franco was relegated from first to 24th in the list of brigadiers. Not needing any more officers, the Naval Academy admitted no new entrants from 1906 to 1913. Accounting for unofficial and random killings, and those who died during the war from execution, suicide, starvation and disease in prison, the total number is probably closer to 200,000.[210]. He promoted the use of Castilian Spanish and suppressed other languages such as Catalan, Galician, and Basque. Historical analysis and investigations estimate the number of executions by the Franco regime during this time to be between 100,000 and 200,000 dead. [133], On 19 April 1937, Franco and Serrano Ser, with the acquiescence of Generals Mola and Quiepo de Llano, forcibly merged the ideologically distinct national-syndicalist Falange and the Carlist monarchist parties into one party under his rule, dubbed Falange Espaola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS),[134] which became the only legal party in 1939. [76], Disenchantment with Azaa's rule continued to grow and was dramatically voiced by Miguel de Unamuno, a republican and one of Spain's most respected intellectuals, who in June 1936 told a reporter who published his statement in El Adelanto that President Manuel Azaa should "debiera suicidarse como acto patritico" ("commit suicide as a patriotic act"). [23][24] Two years later, he obtained a commission to Morocco. [222], A mass and a military parade took place on the day of his burial, 23 November 1975. It included strong provisions enforcing a broad secularisation of the Catholic country, which included the abolishing of Catholic schools and charities, which many moderate committed Catholics opposed. The Spanish dictator, Francisco Franco, rose to power in 1939 at the end of the Spanish Civil War. He ruled from 1939 to his death. He became head of the rebel Nationalist government on October 1 but did not gain complete control of the country for more than three years. [87], Following the pronunciamiento of 18 July 1936, Franco assumed the leadership of the 30,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army of Africa. Polo had a room in her apartment in which the walls were lined from floor to ceiling with forty columns of twenty drawers, some containing tiaras, necklaces, earrings, garlands, brooches and cameos. Conversely, critics on the left have denounced him as a tyrant responsible for thousands of deaths in years-long political repression, and have called him complicit in atrocities committed by Axis forces during World War II due to his support of the Axis governments. Spaniards who suffered under Franco's rule have sought to remove memorials of his regime. Moredisciplinedand serious than other boys his age, Franco was close to his mother, a pious andconservativeupper middle-classRoman Catholic. Ultimately though, whether or not Franco was a fascist, is a 'technicality' in Preston's view. In addition he began walking under a canopy, and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins and postage stamps. Augusto Pinochet is known to have admired Franco. [198] Regarding the regime, the Oxford Living Dictionary uses Franco's regime as an example of fascism,[199] and it has also been variously presented as a "fascistized dictatorship",[200] or a "semi-fascist regime". In 1915 he became the youngest captain in the Spanish army. [176], Franco had a controversial association with Jews during the WWII period. During crucial campaigns against the Moroccan rebels, the legion played a decisive role in bringing the revolt to an end. Along with other "undesirables", they were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde ( 4. joulukuuta 1892 - 20. marraskuuta 1975) oli espanjalainen kenraali, joka toimi kansallismielisten armeijoiden ylipllikkn niden voittoon pttyneess Espanjan sisllissodassa ja sen jlkeen Espanjan diktaattorina 1939-1975. When the invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June 1941, Franco's foreign minister Ramn Serrano Suer immediately suggested the formation of a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion. It was made clear to Pinochet that he was not welcome at Juan Carlos's coronation. [93], On 21 September, with the head of the column at the town of Maqueda (some 80km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the besieged garrison at the Alczar of Toledo, which was achieved on 27 September. When he was 18, he became the consensus No. Franco came from a military background. [88] The first days of the insurgency were marked by an imperative need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate. The last public statue of Spain's former dictator, Francisco Franco, was removed from Spanish soil on Tuesday. Several exiled Republicans also fought in the French resistance against the German occupation in Vichy France during World War II. About Business Point; Blog; Contact; Home; Home; Home; Our Services. The Catholic Church was upheld as the established church of the Spanish State, and it regained many of the traditional privileges which it had lost under the Republic. [37] The closing of the academy in June by the provisional War Minister Manuel Azaa however was a major setback for Franco and provoked his first clash with the Spanish Republic. As a conservative and monarchist, Franco regretted the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931, and was devastated by the closing of his academy; nevertheless, he continued his service in the Republican Army. [162], Spanish neutrality during World War II was publicly acknowledged by leading Allied statesmen. Larger cities and capitals were mostly under the jurisdiction of the Policia Armada, or the grises ("greys", due to the colour of their uniforms) as they were called. His family life was not entirely happy, for Francos father, an officer in the Spanish Naval Administrative Corps, was eccentric, wasteful, and somewhat dissolute. The Civil War had been largely a sanguinary struggle of attrition, marked by atrocities on both sides. [60] The Spanish historian Salvador de Madariaga, an Azaa supporter, and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco is the author of a sharp critical reflection against the participation of the left in the revolt: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. The legacy of Franco in Spanish history remains controversial, as the nature of his dictatorship changed over time. [239] Though barred by the Spanish government from being draped in the Spanish flag, Francisco Franco's grandson, also named Francisco Franco, draped his coffin in the nationalist flag. The revolutionary movements that provoked the Spanish Civil War in 1936 created the only violent mass collectivist revolution of Western Europe in the twentieth century . It has also been suggested that Franco decided not to join the war after the resources he requested from Hitler in October 1940 were not forthcoming.[162]. [113] When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later on 2 June 1937 (which some believe was an assassination), no military leader was left from those who had organised the conspiracy against the Republic between 1933 and 1935.[114]. [123] Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) went into exile, and in 1959 the ETA armed group was created to wage a low-intensity war against Franco. 1 prospect in baseball. Citizenship: Mexico mx. "[104][105] Hitler distrusted Franco; according to the comments he made at the conference he wanted the war to continue, but he did not want Franco to achieve total victory. [107] Initially, only military command mattered: this was divided into regional commands (Emilio Mola in the North, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano in Seville commanding Andalucia, Franco with an independent command, and Miguel Cabanellas in Zaragoza commanding Aragon). The prime minister wrote in his diary that it was probably more prudent to have Franco away from Madrid. [253], In 2006, the BBC reported that Maciej Giertych, an MEP of the clerical-nationalist League of Polish Families, had expressed admiration for Franco, stating that the Spanish leader "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe".[254]. By February 1937 the Soviet Union's military help started to taper off, to be replaced by limited economic aid. Indeed, Los Blancos are often depicted as being the favoured team of General Francisco Franco - the dictator who ruled Spain from the late 1930s until his death in 1975 - and his regime. In July 1936 Franco led a military rising against the Spanish republic, and by the end of the ensuing Civil War he had established a dictatorship which lasted until his death in 1975. [237], On 24 September 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that the exhumation could proceed, and the Snchez government announced that it would move Franco's remains to the Mingorrubio cemetery as soon as possible. [149][note 1] According to Helen Graham, the Spanish working classes became to the Francoist project what the Jews were to the German Volksgemeinschaft. Fearing the increasing popular opposition, the Radical and Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, thereby prolonging their stay in power for two more years. In 1907, only 14 years old, he entered the Infantry Academy atToledo, graduating three years later. A reorganisation of the Council of Ministers in early 1957 had brought a group of younger men, most of whom were educated in economics and had experience, to the key ministries. (October 2011) "Political Ascent and Military Commander: General Franco in the Early Months of the Spanish Civil War, JulyOctober 1936". Victory was proclaimed on 1 April 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. Francisco Pizarro was born around 1475 in Trujillo, Spain. Franco initially pursued a policy of autarky, cutting off almost all international trade. [citation needed]. Spanish efforts to occupy the new African protectorate provoked the Second Melillan campaign in 1909 against native Moroccans, the first of several Riffian rebellions. (2017) "Francisco Franco as Warrior: Is It Time for a Reassessment of His Military Leadership? Though the colonial units sent to the north by the government at Franco's recommendation[53] consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Moroccan Regulares Indigenas,[58] the right-wing press portrayed the Asturian rebels as lackeys of a foreign Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy. No. Opinions on the exhumation were divided by party line, with the Socialist party strongly in favour of the exhumation as well as the removal of his statue there. Alternate titles: El Caudillo, Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde, Hilldale-Jaume Vicens Vives Professor of History, University of Wisconsin, Madison. The years from 1951 to 1956 were marked by substantial economic progress, but the reforms of the period were only sporadically implemented, and they were not well coordinated. At dawn on July 18, 1936, Francos manifesto acclaiming the military rebellion was broadcast from the Canary Islands, and the same morning the rising began on the mainland. [101] Kennan alleges that once Stalin had decided to assist the Spanish Republicans, the operation was put in place with remarkable speed and energy. In order to achieve that goal, censorship was enforced by the Book Censorship section, the Cinema and Theater . The family remained extremely rich after his death. All these planes had the Nationalist Spanish insignia painted on them, but were flown by Italian and German nationals. He led his people, the Nationals, to victory. Franco's parents married in 1890 in the Church of San Francisco in El Ferrol. The Spanish economy has three well-differentiated stages during Francisco Franco's dictatorship. Notably, it had no control over government spending, and the government was not responsible to it; ministers were appointed and dismissed by Franco alone. He devoted great care to the preparation of his units actions and paid more attention than was common to the troops well-being. [16], His mother, Mara del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade (15 October 1865 28 February 1934), was from an upper-middle-class Roman Catholic family. Check out the latest domestic and international stats, match logs, goals, height, weight and more for Francisco Vidal Franco playing for Deportivo Toluca FC in the Liga MX. [33] In 1928 Franco was appointed director of the newly created General Military Academy of Zaragoza, a new college for all Spanish army cadets, replacing the former separate institutions for young men seeking to become officers in infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the army. Franco became the Legion's second-in-command and returned to Africa. Franco personally and many in the government openly stated that they believed there was an international conspiracy of Freemasons and Communists against Spain, sometimes including Jews or "Judeo-Masonry" as part of this. By that time, PSOE politician Indalecio Prieto had already deemed Franco as a "possible caudillo for a military uprising". He felt that with Franco in undisputed control of Spain, the possibility of Italy intervening further or of its continuing to occupy the Balearic Islands would be prevented.[106]. [81] On 17 July, one day earlier than planned, the Army of Africa rebelled, detaining their commanders. On April 19, 1937, he fused the Falange (the Spanish fascist party) with the Carlists and created the rebel regimes official political movement. Pizarro came from a poor family. [154] On the other side of the Pyrenees, refugees were confined in internment camps in France, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the Durruti Division[155]). Corrections? Francisco Di Franco statistics played in Atletico Tucuman. Deputy Prime Minister Carmen Calvo Poyato stated that having Franco buried at the monument "shows a lack of respect for the victims buried there". [223], The major European governments, who condemned Franco's regime, declined to send high-level representatives to his funeral. The country got rid of populations it would not have been able to keep in employment, and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances. [36] The monarchists and the army deserted Alfonso XIII and consequently the king decided to leave the country and go into exile, giving way to the Second Spanish Republic. Franco presided over a government that was basically a military dictatorship, but he realized that it needed a regular civil structure to broaden its support; this was to be derived mainly from the antileftist middle classes. He wore the uniform of a Captain General (a rank traditionally reserved for the King) and resided in El Pardo Palace. [258], Recently the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (ARHM) initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, which has been supported since the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's (PSOE) victory during the 2004 elections by Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero's government. His recovery was seen by his Moroccan troops as a spiritual event they believed Franco to be blessed with baraka, or protected by God. Franco's goal was genocide against Republicans, his primary motivation for prolonging the war after he had already assumed control. At the start of the Civil War, Lpez Ochoa was assassinated; his head was severed and paraded around the streets on a pole, with a card reading, 'This is the butcher of Asturias'. MyEffectiveness Habits - Goals, ToDos, Reminders. Omissions? [183] This was undertaken through Francoist Spain's Ambassador to Egypt, Angel Sagaz, on the understanding that emigrant Jews would not immediately emigrate to Israel and that they would not publicly use the case as political propaganda against Nasser's Egypt. The activities of the Maquis continued well into the 1950s. This saw mass executions of Republican and other Nationalist enemies, standing in contrast to the war-time Red Terror. On . [125] His foreign diplomacy secured military aid from Italy and Germany and, by some accounts, helped keep Britain and France out of the war.[115]. Abroad, Spain is classified as insolvent. According to fellow africanista, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano, Franco visited him on 21 September 1924 to propose that he lead a coup d'tat against Primo. On 23 February, Franco was sent to the Canary Islands to serve as the islands' military commander, an appointment perceived by him as a destierro (banishment). The public, aware of the failure of human and governmental values in the war, were drawn to extremist politics. [252] Similarly, as recently as 2006, Franco supporters in Spain have honoured Pinochet. [111], Mola had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the Carlist monarchists and not at all with the Falange, a party with Fascist leanings and connections ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera), nor did he have good relations with Germany. The Lasting Impact of Francisco Franco. Francisco Franco Bahamonde (* 4. december 1892 - 20. november 1975 ), oznaovan tie ako generl Franco, bol panielsky dikttor a najvy predstavite panielska od roku 1939 a do svojej smrti v roku 1975. [264] The Museum no longer maintains its online version of the exhibition. Spain did not intern any of the 1,200 American airmen who were forced to land in the country, but "gave them refuge and permitted them to leave. The regime took its first faltering steps toward abandoning its pretensions of self-sufficiency and towards a transformation of Spain's economic system. Reig Tapia points out that Franco signed more decrees of execution than any other previous head of state in Spain. Advisers accompanied the armaments. On July 18, 1936, in the Canary Islands, Francisco Franco announced a military rebellion against the Spanish republic. Like four generations and his elder brother before him, Francisco Franco was originally destined for a career as a naval officer, but reduction of admissions to the Naval Academy forced him to choose the army. His success in this operation brought him new prominence. Although Franco believed that the majority of the Spanish people still supported the crown, and although he regretted the end of the monarchy, he did not object, nor did he challenge the legitimacy of the republic. Subsequently, Alcal-Zamora vetoed the logical replacement, a majority center-right coalition, led by the CEDA, which would reflect the composition of the parliament. [77], In June 1936, Franco was contacted and a secret meeting was held within La Esperanza forest on Tenerife to discuss starting a military coup. For almost 40 years, Spaniards, and particularly children at school, were told that Divine Providence had sent Franco to save Spain from chaos, atheism, and poverty. A year later he fell ill again, afflicted with further health problems, including a long battle with Parkinson's disease. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He restored the monarchy in his final years, being succeeded by Juan Carlos, King of Spain, who led the Spanish transition to democracy. Vladimir Lenin: Vladimir Illych Ulyanov Lenin's goal was to hasten the historical process of bringing about a world free from the exploitation of humans by a human. Su infancia estuvo marcada por el abandono de su padre, que era liberal, y por su aspecto fsico. This period in Spanish history, from the Nationalist victory to Franco's death, is commonly known as Francoist Spain or as the Francoist dictatorship. [2] His career was boosted after the right-wing CEDA and PRR won the 1933 election, empowering him to lead the suppression of the 1934 uprising in Asturias. Nevertheless, he remained in power as the head of state and as commander-in-chief. Francisco Franco A Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a dictator for 36 years from 1939 until his death. Civil servants had to be Catholic, and some official jobs even required a "good behavior" statement by a priest. Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police force for civilians, which functioned as Franco's chief means of social control. [262] The Senate approved the bill on 10 December 2007.[263]. Franco left the throne vacant, proclaiming himself as a de facto regent for life. A Ley de la memoria histrica de Espaa (Law on the Historical Memory of Spain) was approved on 28 July 2006, by the Council of Ministers,[261] but it took until 31 October 2007, for the Congress of Deputies to approve an amended version as "The Bill to recognise and extend rights and to establish measures in favour of those who suffered persecution or violence during the Civil War and the Dictatorship" (in common parlance still known as Law of Historical Memory). Two years later, Franco became the director of the General Military Academy in Zaragoza. El general Francisco Franco gobern Espaa entre 1939 y 1975, luego de participar en un alzamiento militar contra el gobierno de la II Repblica en 1936, una rebelin que provoc una guerra. Furthermore, Spain was virtually a new mass market. Spain was excluded from the Marshall Plan,[205] unlike other neutral countries in Europe. On 23 October 1940, Hitler and Franco met in Hendaye, France to discuss the possibility of Spain's entry on the side of the Axis. Pre-Civil War industrial production levels were regained in the early 1950s, though agricultural output remained below prewar levels until 1958. The General Military Academy was dissolved, and Franco was placed on the inactive list. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo, poznatiji kao Generalsimo Francisco Franco (Ferrol, 4. prosinca 1892. Germany sent insignificant numbers of combat personnel to Spain, but aided the Nationalists with technical instructors and modern matriel;[119] including some 200 tanks and 600 aircraft[120] which helped the Nationalist air force dominate the skies for most of the war. La guerra de frica marc su. "[152] Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain."[153]. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, flamenco, an Andalucian tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. Francisco Franco Bahamonde (Spanish:[fanisko fako a.amonde]; 4 December 1892 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo. The Communist International (Comintern) immediately reinforced its activity, sending to Spain its Secretary-General, the Bulgarian Georgi Dimitrov, and Palmiro Togliatti the chief of the Communist Party of Italy. The town of Trujillo was in the Extremadura region of Spain, the same place where famed explorer Hernando de Soto was from. Nombre de nacimiento: Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde. Cerd, Nstor. He was recommended for promotion to major and to receive Spain's highest honour for gallantry, the coveted Cruz Laureada de San Fernando. Although it is impossible to calculate precise statistics concerning the Spanish Civil War and its aftermath, Payne writes that if civilian fatalities above the norm are added to the total number of deaths for victims of violence, the number of deaths attributable to the civil war would reach approximately 344,000. Francisco followed his father into the Navy, but as a result of the SpanishAmerican War the country lost much of its navy as well as most of its colonies. Francisco Largo Caballero declared that "the organized proletariat will carry everything before it and destroy everything until we reach our goal". At the same time, his regime transitioned from a totalitarian state to an authoritarian one with limited pluralism. He noted that while Hitler and Stalin maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, this was not the case in Spain in the early years after the war a situation that nominally made Franco's regime "the most purely arbitrary in the world".[192]. Born: August 25, 1987 in Autln de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico mx. He made pro-Axis speeches,[158] while offering various kinds of support to Italy and Germany. [135], Unlike some other fascist movements, the Falangists had developed an official program in 1934, the "Twenty-Seven Points". [78] An obelisk (which has subsequently been removed) commemorating this historic meeting was erected at the site in a clearing at Las Races in Tenerife.[79]. As the cortge with Franco's body arrived at the Valley of the Fallen, some 75,000 rightists wearing the blue shirts of the Falangists greeted it with rebel songs from the civil war and fascist salutes. After a recession, growth took off from 1959, creating an economic boom that lasted until 1974, and became known as the "Spanish miracle". [95][96] From August onward, aid from the Soviet Union began; by February 1937 two ships per day arrived at Spain's Mediterranean ports carrying munitions, rifles, machine guns, hand grenades, artillery, and trucks. Historian Ricardo de la Cierva claimed, however, that he had been told around 6pm on 19 November that Franco had already died. Franco initially sought support from various groups. How many people died in Spain during Francoism? Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to force a negotiation on the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, and closed its border with that territory in 1969. From 24 July a coordinating junta, the National Defence Junta, was established, based at Burgos. In several mining towns in Asturias, local unions gathered small arms and were determined to see the strike through.
